Graphene oxide is primarily prepared by exfoliating graphite oxide. In the Hummer’s method, graphite oxide is intercalated with strong oxidants like concentrated sulfuric acid and Potassium Permanganate, converting some carbon atoms from an sp² hybridized state to an sp³ hybridized state. This allows for the dispersion of graphite oxide into single-layer, two-dimensional graphene oxide through ultrasonic processes.

The introduction of oxygen-containing groups enhances water solubility and stability, which is beneficial for preparing modified graphene in scientific research. Additionally, these groups increase the distance between graphite layers, reducing agglomeration and facilitating graphene production.